Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an unstable atomic nucleus transforms into a more stable one by emitting a beta particle. This process is governed by the weak nuclear force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. During beta decay, a neutron may convert into a proton (or vice versa), resulting in the emission of either an electron (beta-minus decay) or a positron (beta-plus decay), along with a neutrino or antineutrino.

  Beta decay plays a crucial role in nuclear physics, astrophysics, and the understanding of fundamental particles and forces. It is essential for explaining the natural radioactive processes that occur in elements, the synthesis of elements in stars, and the principles behind certain types of medical imaging and radiation therapy. By studying beta decay, deeper insights can be gained into the structure of atomic nuclei and the behavior of subatomic particles.